Bacterial Causes of Calf Diarrhoea in Dairy Farms in Bahri Locality, Sudan
Hamid H. M. Moayad
Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, North Darfour State, Sudan.
El Ayis A. Abubaker *
Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bahri, Sudan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This study was aiming at investigating the bacteriological causes of calf diarrhea in dairy farms in Bahri Locality of Khartoum State during 6 months of the year 2019. A questionnaire survey was done before collection of samples. A total of 60 faecal samples were collected directly from rectums of 60 diarrhoeic dairy calves at the age of one month and less. Samples were collected from calves not subjected for any treatment before collection of samples. Samples were examined bacteriologically using conventional and rapid API methods. The prevalence of calf diarrhoea in dairy farms was 9.4%. Results of the questionnaires of 10 dairy farms revealed that calves at age of one month or less are more susceptible for diarrhea, calves were separated from dams, hygiene is poor in 80% of the farms, records were not available in 70% of the farms, colostrum was fed to caves at first hours of birth in 30% of the farms, all farms experienced calf diarrhea before, 70% of the owners do not vaccinate calves, 90% experienced death of calves due to diarrhea and in 60% of the farms treatment of calf diarrhea was successful. Ninety six bacterial isolates were identified as 48 Escherichia coli (50.0%), 16 Pseudomonas aerogenosa (16.6%), 10 Proteus mirabilis (10.4%), 8 Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%), 6 Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.3%), 4 Salmonella spp., (4.2%), 2 Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.1%) and 2 Bacillus subtilis (2.1%). Gram negative bacteria represented the higher percentage (87.5%) compared to Gram positive bacteria. E. coli was the dominant bacteria. We recommend feeding colostrums during the first day of birth.
Keywords: Areobic bacteria, Bahri locality, calf diarrhea, Sudan
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Ali MD. Isolation of bacteria associated with calf diarrhoea. M.V.Sc. thesis. Univ. Khartoum. Sudan; 2002.
Güler L, Günduz K, Ok Ü. Virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from calves in Turkey. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008; 55:249–257.
Peter D. Constable, Reuneth W. Hiuchcliff, Stantley H. Dove, Walter Grunber. Veterinary medicine, Atex book of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs and goads 11th ed. Philadelphia. U.S.A; 2017.
Ellaithi SO. Characterization of E. coli isolated from diarrhoeic calves in the Sudan. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Khartoum. Sudan; 2004.
Mohamed SME. Eschericha coli associated with neonatal calf diarrhoea in Khartoum North, Sudan. M. Sc. Thesis. Univ. Khartoum. Sudan; 2009.
Abubaker A. El Ayis, Ali A. Elgaddal, Yassir A. Almofti. Isolation, Identification and Enterotoxin Detection of Escherichia coli isolated from calf diarrhea and their virulence characteristics. J. Appli. and Indust. Sci. 2015;3(4):141- 149.
Shulaw B. Calf scour: Causes, protection, prevention. Weekly Purcell Agricultural Commodity Market Report; 2000.
Available:http://beef.osu.edu/beef/beefjan19.html.
Lejeune JT, Besser TE, Hancock DD. Cattle water troughs as reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001;67(7):3053-3057.
`Smith HW, Halls S. Studies on Escherichia coli enterotoxin. J. Path. Bact. 1967;39:531- 543.
Barrow GI, Feltham RK, Cowan KJ, Steel GI. Cowan and steel’s manual for the identification of medical bacteria. 3rd. ed. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge; 2004.
Smith PB, Tomfohrde KM, Rhoden DL, Balows A. API system: a multitube micromethod for identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Appl. Microbiol. 1972;24:449–452.
Pascolil L, Chiaradia V, Mucignat G, et al. Identification of staphylococci by the API Staphylococcus identification system. Sceptor, Rosco and Simplified Lyogroup systems. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1986; 5(6):669-671.
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary medicine, A text book of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th ed. Philadelphia. U.S.A; 2007.
Svensson C, Lundbory K, Emanuelson U, Olsson SO. Morbidity in Swedish diary calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. J. Preventive. Vet Med. 2003;58:179- 197.
Curtis CR, Scarlett JM, Erb HN, White ME. Descriptive epidemiology of calfhood morbidity and mortality in New York Holstein herds. Prev. Vet. Med. 1988;5:293-307.
El Nour TME. Studies on neonatal diarrhea and pre- weaning calf mortality in a Friesian dairy herd. M. Sc. Thesis. Univ. Khartoum. Sudan; 1994.
Elgaddal AA. Camel calf diarrhoea and characterization of pathogenic E. coli. Ph.D. thesis. Sudan Academy of Science; 2009.
Perez E, Kumeling A, Janussen MM, Imenez CJ, Alwado R, Calballero M, Donado O, Dwinger RH. Infectious agents associated with diarrhoea of calves. Prev. Vet. Med. 1998;33:195-205.
Abdel Rahman SM, Yassin TE, Bagadi HO. Bovine Salmonellosis in the Sudan. Sud. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 1995;34:78- 81.
Omeima SMS. Aetiological and epidemiological factors associated with camel calf diarrhoea. M.V.Sc. thesis. Univ. Khartoum. Sudan; 1993.