Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

Clinical Management of Lumpy Skin Disease in a Cross-breed Heifer at Upazila Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Daudkandi, Cumilla: A Case Report

Md. Rimon Bhuiyan — 2026-05-06

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cattle caused by Capripoxvirus, posing serious economic threats to livestock farmers in Bangladesh. This case report describes the clinical management of LSD in a 14-month-old crossbred heifer at the Upazila Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospital, Daudkandi, Cumilla. The animal exhibited typical signs such as high fever, multiple firm skin nodules, lymphadenopathy, edema, salivation, anorexia, and dullness. In the absence of laboratory diagnostics, diagnosis was based on clinical signs and local outbreak history. Supportive treatment included carprofen (anti-inflammatory), Andrographis paniculata (herbal antiviral), zinc sulfate and vitamin C (immune and wound support), furosemide (anti-edema), diphenhydramine (anti-allergy), and topical povidone iodine and sulfanilamide. Ethnoveterinary remedies like papaya leaf juice and alum water were also applied. Clinical improvement was observed by day 4, and full recovery by day 36, leaving minor skin scars. This case highlights the value of early clinical intervention using a combination of conventional therapies in resource-poor rural settings. It also emphasizes the need for proactive vaccination, especially with locally developed LSD VAC BLRI 2023, for long-term control and economic sustainability.

Anatomical, Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) Adapted to Climate Change and Desert Conditions: An Overview

Shehadeh Kaskous — 2026-05-04

Dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) can live in extreme climates, especially in Africa and Asia, without negatively affecting. However, dromedaries can survive where drought kills other ruminants like cattle, goats, and sheep. The purpose of this review was to summarize the adaptability of dromedaries to climate change and desert regions to ensure their performance even under difficult environmental conditions. Numerous studies have shown that the effects of heat and dehydration resulting from climate change on dromedaries are minimal, as they differ anatomically and physiologically from other animals in their ability to endure heat, tolerate water and food shortages, and exhibit greater adaptability. Dromedary camels can tolerate dehydration and lose up to 30% of their body weight due to lack of water, while other ruminants can only lose 10-15% of their body weight. In addition, a dromedary's body temperature can fluctuate by up to 6°C when they are dehydrated or exposed to heat stress.

Anatomical studies of dromedaries have shown that both their digestive and urinary systems are responsible for their ability to conserve water during periods of drought and heat in arid regions. Furthermore, from a physiological point of view, it has been proven that water loss in dromedaries during droughts is much lower than in ruminants.

It is noteworthy that the productivity of Arabian camels in terms of milk or meat production was higher than that of other milk-producing animal species under climate change and heat stress. In conclusion, the dromedary camel 'has evolved exceptional physiological, anatomical, and biochemical characteristics to adapt to the extreme heat, climate change, and aridity of the desert.

Evaluation of the Anticoccidial Efficacy of Amprolium and Sulfaquinoxaline, Commonly Used Anticoccidial Drugs in Kashmir: Assessment Based on Oocyst Output and Lesion Score

Shagufta Iqbal — 2026-03-30

Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is a major concern in livestock management. Control of coccidiosis has relied primarily on the chemotherapy. This experimental study evaluates the comparative efficacy of amprolium and sulphaquinoxaline, commonly used anticoccidial drugs, in controlling coccidiosis. Broiler birds (Cobb-strain) were infected with 10⁵ mixed sporulated oocysts at 2 weeks of age and therapeutic medication commenced after the development of infection and continued for 5 days. Efficacy was assessed based on lesion scoring and by comparing the oocyst output per gram of faeces (OPG) before and after the treatment. Both the drugs exhibited limited efficacy in controlling the infection; however, sulphaquinoxaline demonstrated significantly greater efficacy than amprolium in reducing oocyst output and lesion severity. The OPG count was comparatively higher in amprolium-treated group (6880 ± 14.9) than sulphaquinoxaline-treated group (5040 ± 17.3), and average lesion score was also higher in amprolium-treated group (2.25) as compared to sulphaquinoxaline-treated group (1.25). The findings highlight the potential benefits of using sulphaquinoxaline over amprolium in coccidiosis treatment regimens. However, considerations such as potential resistance development should also be investigated.

Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Dairy Cows Using Barium Chloride Test

Md. Rakib Khan — 2026-04-03

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows by using barium chloride in urine samples. The investigation was conducted from July 2021 to June 2022. Urine samples were collected from four distinct Upazillas in three districts: Savar in Dhaka, Shivalaya in Manikganj, and Sreenagar and Serajdikhan in Munshiganj, Bangladesh. At three-week intervals, urine samples were collected non-invasively into a plastic test tube that was tightly sealed with a plastic cork. In total, urine samples were obtained from 50 inseminated dairy heifers, with 20 of them located in Sreenagar & Serajdikhan, 15 in Savar, and the remaining 15 in Shivalaya Upazila. The urine samples were transported to the Physiology Laboratory at the Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 5 ml of 1% Barium chloride solution was mixed with 5 ml of urine to conduct the barium chloride test. The reproductive status of dairy cows significantly affected the results of the tests, resulting in a success rate of nearly 80% during the first trimester of pregnancy. It was concluded that the Barium chloride test is suitable for pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows. In brief, the Barium chloride test has the potential to become a standard diagnostic method for pregnancy in cows during the first trimester.

Influence of Phytogenics (Clove, Garlic and Pawpaw) on Growth, Gut Health and Immune Status of Broiler Chickens

B. R.O. Omidiwura — 2026-04-07

The study assessed the growth performance, gut health, immune response, and antioxidative status of broiler chickens fed Clove Meal (CL), Garlic Meal (GA), and Pawpaw Leaf Meal (PLM) in diets.

Three hundred and sixty 1-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned into nine dietary treatments in a completely randomised design. Each treatment had five replicates with eight birds per replicate. Treatments 1 and 2 were fed basal diets designating as; positive control (vaccinated) and negative control (not vaccinated), while diets of treatment 3 to 9 contained 0.15%CL, 0.25%GA, 3.0%PLM, 0.15%CL+0.25%GA, 0.15%CL+3.0%PLM, 0.25%GA+3.0%PLM, 0.15%CL+0.25%GA+3.0%PLM, respectively. Growth performance indices (ADW, ADFI and FCR,) were measured. At day 35, intestinal and blood samples were collected according to established guidelines. The resulting data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA to compare means.

Birds fed phytogenic had lower FCR compared with the control groups with exception of birds fed 0.15% CL (1.61) and 0.25% GA (1.61). Birds fed with phytogenic and positive control had higher villi height than those fed negative control (2209.80µm). Birds fed 0.15%CL+0.25GA+3%PLM had higher Glutathione Peroxidase concentration (16.33units/mg protein), Glutathione S Transferase (64.16units/mg protein), Superoxide Dismutase (7.28units/mg protein), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (4.11units/mg protein) compared to other treatments.

Basal diet with a combination of 0.15% clove, 0.25% garlic and 3% pawpaw leaf meals improved the FCR, gut morphology, glutathione peroxidase concentration and total antioxidant capacity.

From the data obtained, 3% pawpaw leaf meal (PLM) appears optimal among the tested levels.

Biochemical Parameters, Carcass Characteristics and Organ Weight of Broiler Chickens Fed with Diets Containing Graded Levels of Sesame (Sesamum indicum l.) Seed Cake

Danjuma Tom Reuben — 2026-04-11

Broiler chicken production has since attracted the attention of many poultry farmers all over the world. This can be attributed to the fact that chickens can be raised from chick to adult within a short period of time. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens fed with diets containing graded levels of sesame cake. A total of 250 day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used for the study. Birds were randomly allotted to five (5) treatment groups. Such that, their mean live weights were similar. Each treatment group consisted of 50 birds, subdivided into five replicates of 10 birds each in a completely randomised design (CRD). In addition, a control treatment (T₁₎group was also assigned, which birds received feed containing no sesame cake, while the feed given to other treatments (T₂,T₃,T₄ and T₅) contained 10 %, 15 %, 20 % and 25 % sesame cake respectively. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric (23.5 % CP, 2800 Kcal/kg and 20 % CP, 3000 Kcal/kg M.E for starter and finisher respectively). Furthermore, feed and water were provided ad-libitum. The result of the starter phase showed that birds fed the control diet (P<0.05) ate more feed than those fed sesame cake diets. Weight gain fell as sesame cake content of the diet increased. Feed conversion (1.54) and protein utilization (2.81) were significantly (P<0.05) also better in the absence of sesame cake. While, during the finisher phase, there were no differences in weight gain and feed conversion as at the time of this research between treatments, and Feed cost/kg weight gain (₦266.25) (P<0.05) was better for treatments fed sesame seed cake. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the carcass proportion of neck, wing, head, drumstick and back, but the pattern of these differences were haphazard. There were no significant differences between treatments in organ weights except for liver and empty gizzard. The results haematological and other serum biochemical indices showed that there were no significant difference between treatment means, except for neutrophils indicating that no physiological abnormalities resulted from the feeding of sesame seed cake to the chickens. Therefore, it was concluded that up to 25 % sesame seed cake can be used in the diets of broiler chickens without any adverse effects on carcass characteristics, biochemical parameters and profitability.

Prevalence and Phenotypic Characterization of Candida Species Isolated from Raw Milk and Local Dairy Products

Sulaf Othman Muslim Al-Khanfar — 2026-04-23

Milk and traditional dairy products are essential nutritional sources, but their rich nutrient profile and high moisture content make them highly susceptible to fungal contamination. The presence of opportunistic yeasts in unpasteurized dairy poses significant public health risks to consumers and reduces the overall quality of the products. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, phenotypically characterize, and determine the prevalence of Candida species in raw milk and locally produced cheese to comprehensively evaluate their microbial safety. A total of 150 dairy samples, comprising raw cow milk (n=40), raw buffalo milk (n=35), and local cheese (n=75), were analyzed using HiChrome™ Candida differential agar. The results revealed an alarming overall Candida prevalence of 54.0%. The maximum contamination rate was observed in local cheese (65.3%), followed by raw buffalo milk (45.7%) and raw cow milk (42.5%). From these samples, 235 Candida isolates were successfully recovered. Candida albicans emerged as the most dominant species, representing 30% of the total isolates, accompanied by a significant presence of non-albicans species including Candida krusei (20%), Candida glabrata (20%), Candida tropicalis (15%), and Candida parapsilosis (15%). Statistical evaluation using the Chi-square test demonstrated no significant variance (p > 0.05) in the distribution of Candida species across the three examined dairy sources. This indicates that the high fungal burden is not dependent on the animal species, but rather originates from shared unsanitary milking environments and unsterilized manual processing. In conclusion, these findings highlight a direct health hazard, necessitating the urgent implementation of strict hygienic measures and quality control protocols in local dairy manufacturing.

Histopathological Evaluation of the Digestive and Reproductive Organs in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Fed a Total Maize Replacement Diet Supplemented with Turmeric and Garlic

Ekaette Ndifreke Mbaba — 2026-04-27

Maize has long been the primary source of energy in compounded poultry diets. However, in Nigeria, insufficient maize production has significantly increased the cost of poultry feed. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of fortifying the complete replacement of maize by sorghum with garlic and turmeric on histology of liver, gizzard, intestine and testis of quail. The field study was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. A total of 96 quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged seven weeks were used. They were allocated to 16 dietary treatments comprising Maize (positive control, Ma), Sorghum (T1) and fortification of garlic and turmeric at 3 and 5 levels (0, 0.50 and 1% garlic and 0, 0.25. 0.50, 0.75 and 1%) respectively in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement. Histological examinations of gizzard, intestine, liver and testis in growing Japanese quails fed turmeric-garlic supplemented sorghum diets revealed normal architectural pattern of the gizzard tissue structure. There were no noticeable abnormalities, pathology or distortion among treatments when compared to control. However, T9 birds fed sorghum supplemented with 0.50 percent garlic and 0.75 percent turmeric had congested blood present in their gizzard tissues. Normal histological patterns were noticed in the intestinal and liver tissues of birds on the control and other diets showing normal histological structures, illustrating well-defined hepatocytes and central portal veins. Birds fed Treatments 9 and 11 however, showed congested blood in their central veins. Testes tissues were normal without any pathology or visible distortion across all treatments. Sorghum showed the potential of replacing the conventional maize in the diet of quails. Moreover, the fortification of the sorghum diets did not elicit any adverse effects of toxicity to the tissues therefore indicating that the phytobiotics (garlic and turmeric) could be utilized in quail diets.

Influence of Seasons on Haematological Indices of Apparently Healthy One-humped Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Maiduguri, Nigeria

T. N. C. Egbe-Nwiyi — 2026-05-30

In Nigeria, camels are typically found in the arid zones and the Sudan savannah regions. The cellular components of blood—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes—are influenced by factors such as age, sex, breed, health status, weather, season, and nutrition. This study was conducted to determine the influence of cold and hot seasons on selected haematological parameters in apparently healthy one-humped adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) of both sexes presented for slaughter at the Maiduguri Metropolitan abattoir, Borno State, Nigeria. A total of two hundred and forty (240) camels, comprising 120 males and 120 females, were sampled during the cold (November to February) and hot (March to October) seasons. Blood samples were collected aseptically before slaughter and analysed for total red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and total white blood cell (WBC) count. In male camels, the RBC, Hb, and total WBC concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) during the cold season than the hot season. In female camels, only the WBC concentration was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the cold season. The PCV values were comparable (p>0.05) between seasons in both sexes. Similarly, in female camels, RBC and Hb values showed no significant seasonal variation (p>0.05).

In conclusion, RBC, Hb, and WBC concentrations were higher during the cold season in male camels, whereas only WBC counts were higher in females. PCV remained stable across seasons in both sexes. Nutritional status, geographical location, and climatic conditions may contribute to these variations. This study provides significant insights for establishing reliable haematological baseline data for camels in this region. Nutritional status and geographical and climatic conditions might have contributed to the variations in these values. The present study is significant in guiding researchers in establishing reliable haematological baseline data for camels in this region.

Growth Performance and Haematological Indices of Rabbit Bucks Fed Different Supplemental Levels of Dried Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Fruit Meal

E. F. Istifanus — 2026-05-30

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dried date palm fruit meal (DDFM) supplementation on growth performance and haematological parameters in rabbit bucks. A total of thirty-six (36) male rabbits were utilized and randomly assigned to four (4) treatment groups in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment and three rabbits per replicate, over a 24-week experimental period. Four experimental diets were formulated to incorporate DDFM at 0.00, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50%, corresponding to treatment groups T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Growth performance data collected included initial and final body weights, total and daily weight gains, total and daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. At the conclusion of the feeding trial, blood samples were obtained from each replicate for comprehensive haematological analyses. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 21. The results revealed that DDFM did not have significant effect (p>0.05) on all the growth parameters evaluated. However, some haematological parameters were significantly influenced by DDFM supplementation in the bucks’ diets. Bucks fed 1.00% (7.23 ×10⁹/dL), and 1.50% (7.50 ×10⁹/dL) supplemental levels of DDFM respectively, recorded higher values of WBC when compared to those of bucks fed 0.00% (6.00 ×10⁹/dL) and 0.50% (5.97 ×10⁹/dL). From the results obtained in the study, DDFM at these levels does not have significant effect on growth parameters in rabbit bucks, but can be supplemented at 1.00% in bucks’ diet to improve some haematological indices and overall health in rabbit bucks.